Editing1088 · CC BY-SA 4.0

Claudia Goldin spent her career reconstructing, from archival data, how women's participation in the American labor force actually changed over two centuries — showing, among other findings, how access to the contraceptive pill reshaped women's career and marriage decisions. In 2023 she became the third woman, and the first to win solo, to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In 1990 she was the first woman tenured in Harvard's economics department.