Everyone in the hall, with the summaries in full. Filter by field or era, or search for someone by name.
80 people
1936 – 2023aged 86
Survived the Holocaust as a child in Lwów, hidden with his family, and went on to co-invent with Jacob Ziv the compression algorithms that made storing and moving digital data practical. The pair's 1977 and 1978 papers are among the most cited in computer science; their work runs, unnoticed, in almost every file transfer.
1939 – 2026aged 87
Spent two decades on a problem the field considered unsolvable — mapping the atomic structure of the ribosome, the machine that turns genetic code into protein — and was told for years she was wasting her time. Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2009, and the first Israeli woman to win a Nobel. Her method underpins a generation of antibiotics.
b. 1952age 74Living
The S in RSA. In 1977, with Ron Rivest and Leonard Adleman, he turned public-key cryptography from an idea into something you could actually deploy — the reason two strangers can agree on a secret over an open line. Also broke the knapsack cryptosystem and co-invented differential cryptanalysis; a Turing Award in 2002.
1879 – 1955aged 76
Recast our understanding of space, time and gravity with special and general relativity, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for explaining the photoelectric effect. Fled Germany in 1933 and spent his later years at Princeton, campaigning for civil rights and nuclear restraint.
1632 – 1677aged 44
Ground lenses for a living and quietly dismantled the foundations of revealed religion. His posthumous Ethics argued that God and nature are one substance — a claim so radical that Amsterdam's Jewish community excommunicated him at 23 and Europe spent a century calling him an atheist.
b. 1941age 85Living
Turned the popular song into something that could carry the weight of literature, then kept refusing to be whatever his audience had decided he was. Won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first songwriter to do so.
1890 – 1960aged 70
One of Russia's great twentieth-century poets, who wrote Doctor Zhivago knowing it could not be published at home and let it go abroad anyway. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958, he was forced by the Soviet state to refuse it under threat of permanent exile — the only laureate ever compelled to decline. Born to a Jewish painter and a concert pianist in Moscow, he survived Stalin's terror partly because Stalin, for reasons never explained, personally struck his name from a list.
1934 – 1996aged 62
Did real planetary science — the greenhouse warming of Venus, the seasonal changes on Mars, organic chemistry in the atmosphere of Titan — and then did something rarer, which was to explain it to an audience of hundreds of millions without condescension. Cosmos remains the most watched science series ever made. He co-authored the first serious model of nuclear winter, designed the plaques bolted to the Pioneer probes, and argued for planetary humility from the vantage point of a photograph of Earth as a single pale dot.
1934 – 2024aged 90
Hid from the Nazis as a child in occupied France, then spent his career demonstrating that human judgement departs from rationality in ways that are systematic and predictable. His work with Amos Tversky founded behavioural economics; the Nobel Prize in Economics followed in 2002. A psychologist who never took an economics course.
b. 1983age 43Living
A Princeton physicist who moved into machine learning, co-authored the paper that put concrete problems in AI safety on the research agenda, then left OpenAI in 2021 to found Anthropic on the premise that safety work has to happen inside the labs building the systems.
1886 – 1973aged 87
Declared the State of Israel on 14 May 1948 and led it through the war that followed, having spent the previous forty years organising for exactly that moment. As first prime minister he built the institutions — army, civil service, absorption of a million refugees from Europe and the Arab world in a decade — and made the hard, unpopular calls, including the 1952 reparations agreement with West Germany that brought crowds into the streets against him. Retired to a hut in the Negev.
b. 1959age 67Living
With Katalin Karikó, worked out how to chemically modify messenger RNA so the immune system would tolerate it — an unglamorous problem they pursued for decades on scarce funding. It became the basis of the COVID-19 vaccines, and the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2023.
b. 1946age 79Living
An Austrian novelist and playwright whose work is a sustained assault on her own country's comfortable amnesia about its Nazi past and on the violence inside ordinary domestic arrangements. The Piano Teacher is the best known; the prose is deliberately hard to like. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004, she did not attend the ceremony. Her Jewish father survived the war concealed as an essential chemical worker while most of his relatives were murdered.
1928 – 2016aged 87
Deported to Auschwitz at fifteen and the only one of his immediate family besides two sisters to survive. Stayed silent for ten years, then wrote Night, and spent the next fifty insisting that neutrality helps the oppressor. Nobel Peace Prize, 1986, awarded to what the committee called a messenger to mankind.
1932 – 2011aged 79
A child star who became the first actress paid a million dollars for a film, won two Oscars, and lived the rest of it under a level of scrutiny that had no precedent. Her most consequential work was not on screen: in 1985, when almost nobody with anything to lose would say the word publicly, she co-founded amfAR and began raising money for AIDS research, using her fame deliberately as a shield for people who had none. She converted to Judaism in 1959 and remained a committed supporter of Israel.
1869 – 1940aged 70
Arrived in America at sixteen, was radicalised by the Haymarket executions, and spent forty years as the most effective anarchist agitator in the country — imprisoned for advocating contraception, again for opposing conscription, and finally deported to Russia in 1919. She then turned on the Bolsheviks with the same force she had used on capitalism, publishing My Disillusionment in Russia when much of the Western left preferred not to hear it. Her insistence that means corrupt ends has aged extremely well.
1882 – 1935aged 53
Proved that every symmetry in a physical system implies a conserved quantity — Noether's theorem, the reason conservation of energy exists at all. She built modern abstract algebra while lecturing under a male colleague's name, unpaid, because Göttingen would not hire a woman.
1908 – 2004aged 95
Born Josephine Esther Mentzer above her father's hardware shop in Queens, she began by selling face creams her uncle formulated and insisted on demonstrating them on customers' skin herself. Time later named her the only woman among its twenty most influential business geniuses of the twentieth century.
1809 – 1847aged 38
A prodigy who wrote the Octet at sixteen and the overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream at seventeen, either of which would secure a reputation. He also did more than anyone to rescue Johann Sebastian Bach from obscurity, staging the St Matthew Passion in 1829 after a century of neglect and effectively founding the modern early-music revival. Grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn and baptised as a child; the Nazis banned his music and destroyed his statue in Leipzig regardless.
1883 – 1924aged 40
Wrote at night after shifts at an insurance office and asked his friend Max Brod to burn everything. Brod refused, and The Trial and The Metamorphosis gave the twentieth century its vocabulary for bureaucratic dread.
1918 – 1999aged 81
Denied graduate funding because labs would not take a woman, she worked as a food-quality tester and studied at night. Went on to design drugs for leukaemia, gout, malaria and herpes, plus the immunosuppressant that made organ transplants survivable, winning the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine without ever holding a doctorate.
1898 – 1978aged 80
Raised in Milwaukee, emigrated to a kibbutz, signed Israel's declaration of independence, and became its fourth Prime Minister — one of the first women anywhere to lead a country. Resigned after the Yom Kippur War, whose intelligence failures she was widely held responsible for.
1860 – 1911aged 50
Stretched the symphony to breaking point — an hour and a half long, scored for hundreds, reaching for everything from cowbells to the end of the world. Ran the Vienna Court Opera for a decade, converting to Catholicism because the post was closed to Jews.
1906 – 1975aged 69
Escaped Nazi Germany and then spent her life on the question of how ordinary people enable atrocity. The Origins of Totalitarianism mapped the machinery; her report on the Eichmann trial coined "the banality of evil" and cost her many friendships.
1914 – 2000aged 85
A major MGM star who, between films, co-invented a frequency-hopping system to stop torpedo signals being jammed. The Navy ignored it; the underlying idea now underpins Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. She received no royalties and little recognition until her eighties.
1797 – 1856aged 58
The most quoted German poet after Goethe, and the funniest — a lyric writer whose verses Schubert and Schumann set by the hundred, and a political journalist sharp enough to be banned across the German states. He converted to Lutheranism to qualify for a legal career he never practised, called the baptismal certificate his ticket of admission to European culture, and remained unmistakably Jewish in his subject matter. In 1821 he wrote that where they burn books, they will end by burning people.
1923 – 2023aged 100
Fled Nazi Germany at fifteen, returned as a US Army interpreter, and became the most consequential and most bitterly disputed American diplomat of the century. Opened relations with China, negotiated détente with Moscow and the Paris accords ending American involvement in Vietnam, for which he shared the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize. The same record includes the secret bombing of Cambodia and support for coups and juntas in Chile, Argentina and East Timor; the argument over him is unresolved and probably unresolvable.
b. 1986age 40Living
Co-authored AlexNet in 2012, the result that convinced the field deep learning would work, then co-founded OpenAI and led the research behind the GPT models. Left in 2024 to start Safe Superintelligence. Born in Russia, raised in Jerusalem, and a student of Geoffrey Hinton in Toronto.
1920 – 1992aged 72
Wrote or edited around five hundred books and taught two generations to think about machine intelligence in terms of rules and their failure modes — the Three Laws of Robotics were a literary device that became a genuine reference point in AI ethics. The Foundation series imagined history as a predictive science. A biochemistry professor by day, born near Smolensk and raised over his parents' Brooklyn candy store, he was also one of the great popular explainers of science in English.
1903 – 1991aged 87
A rabbi's son from Poland who wrote in Yiddish for sixty years after most of its readers had been murdered, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978 for doing so. Demons, dybbuks and adulterers, rendered with total moral seriousness. He called Yiddish a language nobody spoke and everybody understood.
b. 1931age 94Living
With Abraham Lempel, devised the LZ77 and LZ78 algorithms: compress data by replacing repetition with references to what came before, building the dictionary as you go so the decompressor can rebuild it without being told. ZIP, gzip, PNG and GIF are all descendants. Born in Tiberias under the British Mandate.
b. 1965age 61Living
Wrote Joel on Software, which taught a generation of programmers to think about their craft as a management and design problem rather than only a technical one, then co-founded Stack Overflow and made the answer to almost every programming question a public good. Grew up partly in Israel and served in the paratroopers.
1903 – 1957aged 53
Founded game theory, designed the stored-program computer architecture nearly every machine still uses, formalised quantum mechanics, and worked on the hydrogen bomb. Colleagues who were themselves geniuses described him as being from another species.
1914 – 1995aged 80
Developed the first effective polio vaccine and refused to patent it. Asked who owned it, he answered: the people. Polio cases in the United States fell from tens of thousands a year to near zero within a decade.
1940 – 1996aged 55
Left school at fifteen, was tried in Leningrad in 1964 for "social parasitism" — the transcript, smuggled out, made him famous — and served eighteen months of hard labour in the Arctic before being expelled from the Soviet Union in 1972. He rebuilt himself in English, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987, and became American poet laureate, an unusual thing for a man who had arrived with no country. Asked at his trial who authorised him to be a poet, he said: who authorised me to join the human race?
b. 1944age 82Living
Read IBM's paper on relational databases, concluded nobody was building the product, and founded the company that became Oracle in 1977. Born in the Bronx to a Jewish teenage mother and adopted at nine months by a Jewish aunt and uncle in Chicago, he was raised in a Reform household and refused his own bar mitzvah at thirteen.
b. 1973age 53Living
With Sergey Brin, worked out at Stanford that the web's link structure was a ranking signal, wrote PageRank around the insight, and built Google on it. His mother Gloria, whose family came to New York from Brest-Litovsk, is Jewish; he was raised without religion, in a house where, as he put it, the religion was technology.
1945 – 2020aged 74
Gave us cut, copy and paste, and campaigned for what he called modeless computing — software that does not silently change what your keystrokes mean. At Xerox PARC and then Apple he spent his career insisting the machine should adapt to the person, not the reverse. His licence plate read NO MODES.
1918 – 1990aged 72
Conducted the New York Philharmonic, wrote West Side Story, and taught a generation what a symphony was through televised Young People's Concerts. Refused to choose between Mahler and Broadway, and was probably right not to.
1934 – 2016aged 82
Published two novels and four books of poetry before picking up a guitar at thirty-three, which is why the songs scan. Hallelujah was a commercial failure on release and is now sung at everything; Suzanne, Famous Blue Raincoat and You Want It Darker span half a century of writing about desire and God without ever separating the two. A Montreal Jew from a family of synagogue presidents who also spent five years as an ordained Buddhist monk, he saw no contradiction.
1829 – 1902aged 73
Arrived in Gold Rush San Francisco as a Bavarian immigrant selling dry goods to miners. In 1873 he and the tailor Jacob Davis patented the idea of riveting the stress points on work trousers — the patent that turned a piece of workwear into the most widely worn garment on earth.
1889 – 1951aged 62
Wrote two philosophies, the second demolishing the first, and both dominate the field a century later. The Tractatus argued that most of what philosophy discusses cannot meaningfully be said; having settled that, he gave away an enormous inherited fortune and went to teach primary school in rural Austria. He returned to Cambridge and spent his later years on the Philosophical Investigations, which treats meaning as something built out of use rather than reference. Three of his four brothers killed themselves.
c. 1138 – 1204aged 66
Physician to Saladin's court and the most influential Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages. His Mishneh Torah reorganised the whole of Jewish law, and The Guide for the Perplexed set out to reconcile it with Aristotle — shaping Aquinas and Leibniz along the way.
1887 – 1985aged 97
Painted floating fiddlers, upside-down lovers and the shtetl of his childhood in colours nobody had used that way before. Worked for eight decades across Russia, France and America, and filled cathedral and synagogue windows alike with the same dreamlike blue.
1926 – 1962aged 36
The most photographed woman of the twentieth century, and a far better comic actress than she was allowed to be — Some Like It Hot and The Seven Year Itch survive on timing that looks effortless and was not. She fought the studio system for control of her own contracts and won, forming her own production company in 1955 when actresses were expected to be property. She converted to Judaism in 1956 before marrying Arthur Miller, studying with a Reform rabbi; Egypt banned her films in response.
b. 1958age 68Living
Sold Broadcast.com to Yahoo in 1999 for billions in stock and got out before the crash. Bought the Dallas Mavericks and turned them into a title-winning team, then started a pharmacy that publishes its own margins — an unusually direct attack on drug-price opacity. Grandson of Russian Jewish immigrants who arrived as Chabenisky.
b. 1984age 42Living
Built Facebook in a Harvard dorm at nineteen and now decides, more than any individual in history, what several billion people see of one another. Had a bar mitzvah, drifted into atheism, and later said he had come to think religion was very important. The consequences of what he made are still being argued over, including by him.
1927 – 2016aged 88
Co-founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and spent fifty years arguing that the mind is a machine and could therefore be built. His book with Seymour Papert on perceptrons was rigorous enough to help stall neural network research for a decade — an object lesson in how a correct proof about one model can be read as a verdict on a whole approach.
1882 – 1970aged 87
Gave quantum mechanics its meaning as well as its mathematics: the wavefunction, he showed, is not a thing but a probability. Driven out of Göttingen in 1933, he rebuilt his career in Edinburgh. Nobel Prize in Physics, 1954 — nearly three decades after the work it recognised.
1912 – 2006aged 94
Argued that inflation is a monetary phenomenon and that central banks, not unions or oil sheikhs, are responsible for it — a position that went from heresy to orthodoxy inside twenty years. Nobel Prize in Economics, 1976. Son of Hungarian Jewish immigrants to Brooklyn, and among the most consequential and most argued-with economists of the century.
1923 – 2014aged 90
Spent her career writing the interior life of apartheid — what it did to the people it privileged as much as those it crushed — in novels including Burger's Daughter and July's People, three of which the South African government banned. Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1991. She joined the African National Congress when it was illegal to do so, hid activists in her house, and helped Nelson Mandela draft the speech he gave from the dock at his 1964 trial.
b. 1981age 45Living
Born in Jerusalem, she was cast in Léon at twelve and published a chemistry paper in a peer-reviewed journal as a Harvard undergraduate, having said she would rather be smart than be a movie star. Won the Academy Award for Black Swan, directed an adaptation of Amos Oz's A Tale of Love and Darkness in Hebrew, and has been notably willing to say unpopular things about Israeli politics from a position where silence would have been easier.
b. 1948age 78Living
A computer scientist and refusenik who spent nine years in Soviet prisons and labour camps for demanding the right to emigrate. Freed in a 1986 prisoner exchange, he walked across the Glienicke Bridge to Israel and later served in its cabinet.
1885 – 1962aged 77
Worked out the quantum structure of the atom and, through the institute he built in Copenhagen, taught most of the generation that finished the job. Son of a Jewish mother, he spent the 1930s finding posts and escape routes for scientists fleeing Germany, then fled himself by fishing boat in 1943. Nobel Prize in Physics, 1922.
b. 1976age 50Living
One of the eight authors of "Attention Is All You Need", the 2017 paper that introduced the transformer and, with it, essentially every large language model since. Later co-founded Character.AI and returned to Google to help lead Gemini. From an Orthodox Jewish family, and among the least publicly known people to have reshaped a decade of computing.
1854 – 1915aged 61
Invented chemotherapy and the idea behind it: that a compound could be designed to bind a pathogen and leave the patient alone — his "magic bullet". Compound 606, Salvarsan, was the first effective treatment for syphilis and the first drug rationally designed rather than found. Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1908.
c. 1040 – 1105aged 65
A Troyes winemaker whose commentaries on the Torah and Talmud became so indispensable that they are printed on the same page as the text itself. Nearly a thousand years on, a Jewish child learning Torah still learns it through Rashi's eyes.
b. 1948age 78Living
Built the first omni-font optical character reader and, with the National Federation of the Blind, the first print-to-speech reading machine. Later became the most prominent advocate of the view that technological change is exponential and heading somewhere — a claim he has been unusually willing to date in public.
1926 – 2009aged 83
Invented algorithmic probability in 1960, formalising the intuition that the simplest explanation consistent with the evidence is the most likely one. Solomonoff induction is provably the optimal way to predict a sequence — and provably uncomputable, which has not stopped it from underwriting most of what came after in machine learning theory.
1918 – 1988aged 69
Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize for quantum electrodynamics and drew the diagrams physicists still use to think with. Worked on the Manhattan Project, cracked safes for fun, played bongos, and exposed the O-ring failure behind the Challenger disaster with a glass of ice water.
b. 1953age 73Living
Launched the GNU Project in 1983 and wrote the GNU General Public License, the legal invention that made free software durable: you may do anything with this code except stop the next person from doing the same. Uncompromising to a fault, and the reason a great deal of the world's infrastructure is not anyone's property.
1909 – 2012aged 103
Barred from academic work by Mussolini's racial laws, she built a laboratory in her bedroom from sewing needles and watchmaker's forceps and kept going through the war. The nerve growth factor she discovered there explained how the nervous system knows what to build. Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1986; she worked until she was 103.
b. 1965age 61Living
Nominated for an Oscar at twenty-seven for Chaplin, spent the following decade largely in courtrooms and jail on drug charges, and then executed the most complete comeback in the history of the industry: cast against studio objections as Iron Man in 2008, he anchored a film franchise that took more than twenty billion dollars. Finally won an Academy Award for Oppenheimer in 2024. His father, the underground filmmaker Robert Downey Sr., was Jewish.
1871 – 1919aged 47
A Polish-Jewish revolutionary who argued with Lenin in print and lost the argument at enormous cost to the century: her insistence that socialism without democratic freedom becomes a dictatorship of officials reads now like a prophecy. Wrote The Accumulation of Capital, opposed the First World War from a prison cell, and was beaten to death by right-wing paramilitaries in Berlin in 1919 and thrown into a canal. "Freedom only for the supporters of the government," she wrote, "is no freedom at all."
1920 – 1958aged 37
Her X-ray diffraction image — Photo 51 — showed DNA's double helix. It was shown to Watson and Crick without her knowledge, and she died of ovarian cancer at 37, four years before the Nobel that could not be awarded posthumously.
1929 – 2020aged 91
Built the first digital image scanner at the National Bureau of Standards and in 1957 used it to scan a photograph of his infant son — a 176-by-176 square of black and white, and the first digital image. Every photograph you have ever looked at on a screen descends from it. Son of a Lithuanian pharmacist and a Hungarian homemaker, both Jewish immigrants to Manhattan.
1933 – 2020aged 87
Argued six landmark sex-discrimination cases before the Supreme Court, then sat on it for twenty-seven years. Built her strategy on cases with male plaintiffs to show an all-male bench how gender lines cut both ways, and became an unlikely folk hero for her dissents.
b. 1985age 41Living
Raised in a Jewish family in St. Louis, he ran Y Combinator through the years it became the template for startup investing, then took over OpenAI and shipped ChatGPT — the fastest adoption of any consumer software, and the moment the argument about artificial intelligence stopped being hypothetical.
b. 1935age 90Living
Arguably the most dominant pitcher baseball has seen, with four no-hitters and three Cy Young Awards before his arm gave out at 30. Sat out Game 1 of the 1965 World Series because it fell on Yom Kippur — a decision that outlived most of his records.
1915 – 2005aged 89
Wrote the American Jewish novel into the centre of American literature — Augie March, Herzog, Humboldt's Gift — in prose that could switch from street argot to metaphysics inside a sentence. Nobel Prize in Literature, 1976, and three National Book Awards, which nobody else has managed.
1888 – 1973aged 85
A soil microbiologist who reasoned that if bacteria are everywhere and the world is not made of bacteria, something in the dirt must be killing them. His lab found streptomycin, the first cure for tuberculosis, and he coined the word antibiotic. Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1952.
b. 1973age 53Living
Left Moscow at six when his family fled Soviet antisemitism — his father had been barred from doctoral study in physics by quotas on Jews. Fifteen years later, as a graduate student at Stanford, he and Larry Page worked out that the link structure of the web could rank it, and built Google around the idea.
1923 – 2016aged 93
Held nearly every senior office in Israel across sixty-six years, including prime minister twice and president, and changed his mind about the central question of his life. Having built the country's defence establishment and, by most accounts, its nuclear programme, he spent his last decades arguing for territorial compromise, sharing the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for the Oslo Accords with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. Born in what is now Belarus; most of the family that stayed behind was burned alive in a synagogue.
1856 – 1939aged 83
Invented psychoanalysis and, with it, the modern habit of looking for hidden motives beneath ordinary behaviour. Much of the specific theory has not survived scrutiny; the framing — unconscious drives, childhood's long shadow, the therapeutic conversation — reshaped how the West talks about itself.
1928 – 1999aged 70
Made thirteen features in forty-six years and reshaped what a film could attempt in most of the genres he touched — science fiction with 2001, horror with The Shining, war with Paths of Glory and Full Metal Jacket, satire with Dr. Strangelove. A Bronx-born photographer for Look magazine at seventeen, he moved to England and worked with a control over every frame that became legendary and occasionally unbearable. Dr. Strangelove remains the most useful thing anyone has made about nuclear command and control.
b. 1946age 79Living
Invented the modern blockbuster with Jaws and then spent forty years proving he could do the other thing too. Schindler's List, which he shot in black and white and refused payment for, brought the Holocaust into mainstream cinema for an audience that had largely been spared thinking about it; he used the proceeds to found the Shoah Foundation, which has recorded over fifty thousand survivor testimonies. Bullied for being Jewish as a child in Arizona, he has said he spent years wishing he were not.
1860 – 1904aged 44
A Viennese journalist who covered the Dreyfus affair, concluded that assimilation would never protect European Jews, and set out to found a state. Died at 44 having convened the First Zionist Congress; Israel was declared forty-four years later.
b. 1978age 48Living
Played a schoolteacher who accidentally becomes president of Ukraine on television, then became president of Ukraine. When Russia invaded in February 2022 and Western capitals offered to evacuate him, he stayed in Kyiv and filmed himself on the street to prove it, which did more to hold the country together than any weapon delivered that month. His grandfather fought in the Red Army while three of that grandfather's brothers and their parents were murdered in the Holocaust.
b. 1935age 90Living
Wrote jokes for other comedians as a teenager, then spent five decades making roughly a film a year and permanently altering the register of American comedy — Annie Hall and Manhattan turned neurosis, analysis and Jewish self-deprecation into a mainstream idiom. Also a serious jazz clarinettist. Since 1992 his reputation has been inseparable from allegations of abuse made by his adopted daughter, which he denies and which two investigations declined to charge; many collaborators have since disavowed him.
1922 – 1995aged 73
Commanded the forces that took Jerusalem in 1967 and, thirty years later, shook Yasser Arafat's hand on the White House lawn with visible reluctance and complete deliberateness. As prime minister he signed the Oslo Accords and made peace with Jordan, sharing the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize. An Israeli religious extremist shot him dead at a Tel Aviv peace rally in November 1995. "Enough of blood and tears," he had said at the signing. "Enough."
