Unknown author · Public domain

A Polish-Jewish revolutionary who argued with Lenin in print and lost the argument at enormous cost to the century: her insistence that socialism without democratic freedom becomes a dictatorship of officials reads now like a prophecy. Wrote The Accumulation of Capital, opposed the First World War from a prison cell, and was beaten to death by right-wing paramilitaries in Berlin in 1919 and thrown into a canal. "Freedom only for the supporters of the government," she wrote, "is no freedom at all."