Unknown · Public domain

A conductor who started young — on the podium at eight — and built one of the broadest careers in twentieth-century music, leading the Cleveland Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Bavarian Radio Symphony, the Münchner Philharmoniker, and both the Orchestre National de France and the Pittsburgh Symphony among other posts. Colleagues credited him with a photographic memory for scores and exacting baton technique; he was known as demanding in rehearsal, mellowing only in later years.