Ludwig Gutmann · Public domain

Wilhelm Reich, a member of Sigmund Freud's inner circle of Vienna psychoanalysts, developed influential ideas about how personality is expressed through the body — the concept of "muscular armour" that shaped body psychotherapy, Gestalt therapy, and bioenergetic analysis — and coined the phrase "the sexual revolution." He opened some of the first sexual advisory clinics in Europe and tried to fuse psychoanalysis with Marxist social theory in the 1930s. His later work on orgone energy was rejected by mainstream science, and he died in a US federal prison in 1957 after being convicted of contempt in a fraud injunction over his claims.