Nicola Perscheid · Public domain

Reinhardt reshaped early twentieth-century theatre with stage productions so innovative that his 1917 premiere of Der Bettler is credited with giving birth to Expressionism on stage and, later, in film. In 1920 he founded the Salzburg Festival with an open-air production of Jedermann performed against the Alps, a staging tradition the festival still follows every year. Forced to flee Austria as a refugee from the Nazi takeover in the 1930s, he directed his only American film, a starry Warner Bros. adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream, before continuing to teach and direct in the United States.