Emaus modified by Penarc · CC BY-SA 3.0

Helped design Soviet thermonuclear weapons during the Cold War while also doing the theoretical physics — on superconductors and superfluids — that would win him a share of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics. After the Soviet Union's collapse he described himself publicly as an agnostic Jew, sat on the board of the Russian Jewish Congress, campaigned against antisemitism, and raised money for Israel, even as he became one of Russia's most outspoken critics of the Orthodox Church's growing influence.