Nobel Foundation · Public domain

Otto Meyerhof worked out how muscle tissue converts stored sugar into energy, tracing the chemistry of glycolysis in enough detail that part of the pathway now carries his name, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. He shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Archibald Hill for the work. A German-Jewish physician, he fled the Nazi regime for Paris in 1938 and then the United States after France fell, spending his last years at the University of Pennsylvania.