Copyright holder: Marcuse family, represented by Harold Marcuse · CC BY-SA 3.0

A leading figure of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse argued in One-Dimensional Man (1964) and Eros and Civilization (1955) that advanced capitalism and mass culture manufacture an appearance of freedom while foreclosing real dissent. Trained under Martin Heidegger before fleeing Nazi Germany, he became, in the 1960s and '70s, the philosopher most closely associated with the New Left and student movements in the U.S., France, and West Germany — some credit him as the movement's intellectual father. His running critique of Soviet communism alongside capitalism left him unwelcome on either side of the Cold War's line.