Ferdinand Schmutzer · Public domain

An Austrian playwright and novelist who dissected the private hypocrisies of Viennese bourgeois life with a psychological precision that made him one of the defining voices of Viennese Modernism. His stream-of-consciousness novella Fräulein Else and his frank treatment of sexuality and self-deception on stage repeatedly drew censorship; Reigen was banned as obscene, and his work was condemned as "Jewish filth" by nationalist critics well before the Nazis burned his books outright.