Photographer unknown. Published and distributed by Maron Films. · Public domain

Directed 12 Angry Men, Dog Day Afternoon, Network, and The Verdict — four Best Director nominations across three decades, and no wins, until the Academy gave him an honorary Oscar in 2004 to correct the record. He built a career on gritty, working-class New York stories that questioned authority, from the courtroom drama of 12 Angry Men to Serpico's inside look at police corruption, and kept directing into his eighties.