Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science · CC BY-SA 1.0

Has worked in MIT's artificial intelligence research since 1964, studying how scientists and engineers actually solve problems well enough to teach a machine — or a student — to do the same. That question pulled him into programming-language design, computer architecture, and chip design (VLSI) over six decades, work aimed less at any single invention than at making engineering itself more teachable and precise.