Jérémy Barande · CC BY-SA 2.0

Joseph Stiglitz won the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for showing how markets with unequal information behave differently than the textbook version assumes, then spent his career as the discipline's most prominent internal critic — as chief economist of the World Bank and chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, he turned that critique on the institutions he had worked inside, arguing IMF-prescribed austerity worsened the crises it was meant to fix. He calls unregulated market advocates "free-market fundamentalists," a label meant to sting.