Unknown author · Public domain

Volterra founded much of functional analysis through his work on integral equations, and later co-developed the Lotka–Volterra equations that still model predator-prey dynamics in ecology today. Appointed a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905, he was one of only twelve professors nationwide who refused Mussolini's 1931 loyalty oath, at the cost of his university chair and academy memberships. He kept working through the years that followed, writing that empires die but Euclid's theorems keep their youth forever.