Hamilton Reed Armstrong · CC BY-SA 3.0

Solomon ibn Gabirol wrote more than a hundred poems in 11th-century Al-Andalus alongside works of philosophy, biblical exegesis, and satire, developing a neoplatonic doctrine that all things — including souls and intellects — are composed of matter and form. His philosophical writing was so influential that medieval Christian and Islamic scholars studied it for centuries under the Latinized name Avicebron, not realizing its author was a Jewish poet from Málaga.