Nobel foundation · Public domain

Co-discovered technetium in 1937 — the first artificially produced element and, fittingly, the one whose name means "artificial" — then astatine in 1940, then shared in identifying plutonium-239 the same year. Mussolini's 1938 racial laws stripped him of his university post in Palermo for being Jewish while he happened to be visiting Berkeley, stranding him in the country where he would go on to share the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the antiproton.