Max Liebermann · Public domain

A leading figure in bringing Impressionism to Germany, known for over 200 commissioned portraits — including of Albert Einstein — and for scenes of Berlin bourgeois life painted from his garden near the Wannsee. He led the Berlin Secession from 1899 to 1911 and later served as president of the Prussian Academy of Arts, but in 1933 resigned that presidency rather than accept the exclusion of Jewish artists under the incoming Nazi regime; his art collection was looted after his wife's death in 1943.