Weizmann Institute of Science · Public domain

A cryptographer who helped put modern security on rigorous mathematical footing: with Silvio Micali she developed probabilistic encryption and, with Micali and Charles Rackoff, zero-knowledge proofs — a way to prove you know a secret without revealing it, now foundational to blockchain and secure computing. The pair won the 2012 Turing Award for this work. She teaches at MIT and the Weizmann Institute and co-founded Duality Technologies, building privacy-preserving computation for real-world use.